Source: https://iuk.ktn-uk.org/news/nigeria-quelea-bird-infestation-open-innovation-challenge/
Nigeria is a major agricultural country with a significant presence in the global market. Its key crops include cassava, cocoa, and rubber, all of which are top producers globally. However, Nigerian agriculture faces numerous challenges, with bird pests being a major concern.
The country's vast forests, wetlands, and grasslands attract many birds for feeding and breeding. Agricultural surveys show that some bird species have severely impacted Nigeria's agriculture, causing near-total crop loss in some regions. For instance, in 2023, Kebbi State lost 75,000 hectares of rice fields to quelea bird invasions, resulting in over 100 billion Naira in production costs and economic losses.
This article shares 10 effective methods to prevent birds in Nigeria. Whether you are a large-scale farmer or a home gardener, these bird deterrent techniques can help protect your crops and plants from bird damage.
Scarecrow
Scarecrows are a traditional and effective method used in many agricultural countries, including Nigeria, to deter birds. You can easily make a scarecrow using materials available on your farm, such as old clothes, straw, and bamboo poles. Dress the scarecrow in old clothes to make it look more human-like, which helps to scare away birds. Use a straw to stuff the scarecrow's body, giving it volume and weight to prevent it from being blown over by the wind. Bamboo poles or wooden sticks can serve as supports to keep the scarecrow standing firmly in the field. These simple materials can help you create a practical and low-cost scarecrow.
For the best results, place the scarecrow in areas where birds frequently gather, such as the center or edges of your field. Depending on the size of your field, consider setting up multiple scarecrows to cover the entire planting area. Additionally, regularly change the scarecrow’s position and appearance to prevent birds from getting used to it.
Bird Netting
Bird netting provides a physical barrier to keep birds out of your fields, protecting your fruits and plants from being pecked. This method is more direct, effective, and environmentally friendly than traditional methods. The key is to use the right mesh size to control bird entry. Smaller mesh sizes (10-20 millimeters) work effectively for small birds. You can use slightly larger mesh sizes (20-50 millimeters) for larger birds.
When installing bird netting, ensure that all edges are securely fixed. Use supports or bamboo poles to prop up the net and cover the entire crop area. Regularly check the net for damage and repair holes to maintain effectiveness.
Reflective Tape
Reflective tape is a simple and cost-effective way to deter birds. You can use aluminum foil, old CDs, or specialized reflective tape. Cut these materials into strips or other shapes and hang them on tree branches or bamboo poles around your field. When the tape sways in the wind, it reflects sunlight and creates a flashing effect that scares birds away. This method is easy to implement and inexpensive, making it ideal for individual farmers and small farms.
Hang the reflective tape slightly above the crops to ensure it can move freely in the wind. Space the tape strips about 2-3 meters apart to cover the planting area.
Balloon
Balloons with eye patterns are highly effective bird deterrents. These balloons exploit birds' fear of predator's eyes to scare them away. You can buy balloons with eye patterns or draw eyes on regular balloons yourself. The bright colors and noticeable patterns of these balloons effectively scare birds away. Hang the balloons slightly higher than the crops so they can sway in the wind, enhancing their dynamic effect. Check the balloons every few days and replace them as needed.
Flash Disc
Flash discs can be made from old CDs, DVDs, or other reflective materials. These items can be collected from home, requiring almost no additional cost. Secure the reflective materials with thin string or fishing line and hang them on supports or tree branches in the field. As the discs spin in the wind, they reflect sunlight and create a flashing effect that scares birds away.
When hanging flash discs, use strings of varying lengths so the discs can spin at different heights. This increases the reflective area and enhances the bird deterrent effect. Also, distribute the discs around the plants to ensure full area coverage.
Mirror Reflection
Mirror reflection uses small mirrors or aluminum foil to create reflective effects. Small mirrors can be sourced from old makeup mirrors or decorative mirrors, and aluminum foil can be bought directly. Attach these materials to sticks or supports and place them in sunny spots. When sunlight hits the mirrors or foil, it reflects strong light that scares away birds.
Carefully consider the placement of mirrors and aluminum foil to maximize their reflective effect. Place them at the edges or in the middle of the field, and adjust the angles to reflect light into areas where birds are likely to appear. To enhance effectiveness, combine mirrors and foil with other bird deterrents like scarecrows or reflective tape.
Windmill
Windmills are a low-cost and effective bird deterrent. You can make a windmill using simple materials like wooden boards, plastic sheets, and nails. Cut the plastic sheets into blade shapes and attach them to the wooden board to form the windmill blades. Fix the windmill to a long pole with nails so it can spin in the wind. The spinning motion and reflective effects of the windmill effectively scare birds away.
Audio Bird Repellent
Audio bird repellents come in various types, including devices that play predator calls and ultrasonic bird repellents. When choosing one, consider the size of your field and the types of birds you're dealing with. Predator call devices work well for most bird species, while ultrasonic repellents are more effective against specific types of birds.
Automatic Sprinkler System
Automatic sprinkler systems are available in various models, suitable for different field sizes and needs. Basic systems include sprinklers, pipes, and controllers. Opt for systems with sensors that activate the sprinklers when bird activity is detected. Although these automated systems are relatively expensive, they are ideal for large-scale farmers and agricultural companies.
When installing an automatic sprinkler system, arrange the sprinklers and pipes to cover the entire field. Ensure the sprinklers are slightly higher than the crops to avoid damage during watering. Set up the controller to activate the system during peak bird activity times. Regularly check and maintain the system to ensure it operates correctly.
Polytunnel
Polytunnels are a cost-effective type of greenhouse that provides comprehensive crop protection against birds and other pests while creating a favorable growing environment. Although the initial investment is higher than other methods, they are suitable for large-scale farmers or agricultural companies in Nigeria. When choosing a polytunnel, consider its size, material, and light transmission. Polyethylene materials are durable and provide good light transmission, suitable for most crops.
When installing a polytunnel, ensure the structure is sturdy. Choose an appropriate location to avoid high-wind areas. Follow the instructions to correctly assemble the framework and cover materials, ensuring seamless connections. Regularly inspect the polytunnel, repair any damaged parts, and ensure it remains effective over time. Proper installation and maintenance can provide a stable growing environment and protect crops from birds and other pests.
How to Choose Bird Deterrent Methods？
For small-scale farms and home gardens
As a typical farmer in Nigeria, selecting the right bird deterrent methods should prioritize cost-effectiveness, ease of implementation, and long-term effectiveness. Low-cost and easy-to-set-up measures like scarecrows, reflective tape, and flash discs are ideal for small-scale farms and home gardens.
Scarecrows can be made using materials readily available on the farm, while reflective tape and flash discs can be created from household items, requiring minimal additional cost. These methods are simple and effective, making them suitable for individual farmers and small-scale growers, providing immediate relief from bird invasions.
For large farms and agricultural companies
More systematic and durable bird control measures are necessary for large-scale commercial farming. Automatic sprinkler systems, audio bird repellents, and polytunnels are highly effective options. Automatic sprinkler systems and audio bird repellents can be automated to reduce labor input and enhance bird deterrent effects. Polytunnels not only protect crops from birds and other pests but also provide a stable growing environment, making them ideal for large farms and agricultural companies.
When choosing these systems, consider the size of your fields, budget, and specific needs to effectively implement the bird deterrent measures. By wisely selecting and combining these methods, you can achieve comprehensive crop protection and ensure a successful harvest.
Conclusion
In addition to the methods mentioned above, there are other effective ways to protect your crops from bird damage. Consider using drones, introducing predatory birds, laser bird repellents, and homemade chili sprays. Combining these methods with other bird control measures can provide comprehensive crop protection, ensuring a good harvest.
Moreover, bird control efforts require not only individual farmers but also the involvement of the local Nigerian government and community. Community cooperation, sharing effective bird control methods, and promoting government support and policies can enhance bird control effectiveness. By working together, we can better protect farmland and ensure food security.
Tom is a seasoned agricultural expert and passionate gardener, boasting over eight years of experience in writing agriculture-related articles. His insightful understanding of agricultural technologies and unwavering enthusiasm have established him as the lead writer for several prominent brands in gardening and plantation.
